We have made progress on several problems related to the core goals of the Image Database retrieval problems:
- Detection of Faces in Images: In the recent past there has been rapid progress on the detection of faces from a frontal viewpoint, using templates or related approaches. There has been much less progress on the detection of faces from a more general viewpoint, in portrait or 3/4 view. We have developed a new approach that attempts to model the appearance of faces as a statistical distribution over features. This approach parallels our recent work on the detection of visual texture. We call this approach "Objects as Textures".
We believe that this approach is actually quite general and will allow us to detect more complex patterns, such as the appearance of the human body. This problem is very hard because of the variety of poses that the human body can assume. Faces and people are a critical aspect of image databases.
- New Statistical Model of Image Database Features: Most classical approaches for image database indexing rely in a very small number of generic features (color, vertical edges, horizontal edges, etc.). Unfortunately, by themselves these features are not very selective (e.g. almost every image contains some vertical edges). In order for queries to be selective in such systems, the user must carefully specify the values for these features (e.g. 9% red pixels and 13% vertical edges). These precise measurements are very dependent on the image background and object scale — which adversely effects performance. We argue that the features used to represent images should be unique and selective. In such a system each feature is present in only a small percentage of images.
We have created a mechanism of computing features of this type called "Complex Features". A retrieval system based on this insight works much better than previous systems. The algorithms for constructed this feature set, and the query system itself, is computationally efficient.
- Recognition of Scanned Documents: The approaches above are optimized for retrieval in photo databases. Of related interest is searching databases of scanned documents. Currently documents can be read using OCR, but there is no attempt to interpret the mathematical expressions in engineering or technical documents.
We have constructed a system that can automatically interpret mathematical expressions in such documents. This provides a new mechanism for searching technical documents. Based on the same ideas we have built an interactive handwritten mathematical expression recognizer. The system provides a friendly and intuitive interface for the entry of mathematical expressions.
Future work on Image Databases
Summer 1999
- Recognition of Faces in Images: We will further refine the "Objects as Texture" approach for detecting faces. A number of algorithmic developments will be necessary to apply it to large databases.
- Recognition of People in Images: We will attempt to extend the "Objects as Texture" approach to the problem of detecting people in images.
- Extension of the Complex Feature Retrieval System: We will attempt to apply the complex feature approach to very large databases (i.e. 50,000 images).
December 1999
- Extension of the "Objects as Textures" approach: We will attempt to show that the "objects as textures" approach can be used as a general model for the recognition of deformable objects. This is a problem that has received little attention in the vision literature, though it is quite difficult.
- Integrate Complex Feature Retrieval with Segmentation: By first segmenting images in an image database, we believe that the "complex feature" system can be significantly enhanced.
Summer 2000
- Integration of "Objects as Textures" with "Complex Features": We will demonstrate a single system which combines our approaches for object detection with image retrieval. The resulting system should provide a very flexible and powerful scheme for image retrieval.